www.unc.edu/depts/diploma...awyer.html
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dej2 |
Chinese Warfare |
Lead | |
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Here is an interesting paper on Chinese Warfare. The paper is by Ralph D. Sawyer one of today's leading authors on ancient Chinese warfare.
www.unc.edu/depts/diploma...awyer.html |
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dej2 |
Tai kung's Six Secret Teachings | ||
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Chapter 60 The Infantry in Battle
When infantry engage in battle with chariot and calalry, they must rely on hills and mounds, ravines and defiles. The long weapons and strong crossbows should occupy the fore; the short weapons and weak crossbows should occupy the rear, firing and resting in turn. Even if large numbers of enemy chariots and cavalry should arrive, they must maintain a solid formation and fight intensely while skilled soldiers and strong crossbowmen perpare against attacks from the rear. Interesting to note that they had different degrees of crossbow strengths. Ive seen references in other works that the Chinese had mounted crossbowmen. This would explain weaker crossbows, being able to string them while mounted on a hourse. As well as a faster reload time while in the field. I imagine that a crossbow could be fired with one hand, if it were balanced. This could be an advantage if fireing while riding a horse. |
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dej2 |
Re: Tai kung's Six Secret Teachings | ||
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this may connect more with S&H but since I started a Chinas' military thread here...
3. Affairs of State King Wen said to the Tai Kung; "I would like to learn about the affair of administering the state. If I want to have the ruler honored and the people settled, how should I proceed?" Tai Kung: "Just love the people." King Wen: "How does one love the people?" Tai Kung: "Profit them, do not harm them. Help them to succeed, do not defeat them. Give them life, do not slay them. Grant, do not take away. Give them pleasure, do not cause them to suffer. Make them Happy, do not cause the to be angry." King Wen; "May I dare ask you to explain the reasons for these?" Tai kung: "When the people do not lose their fundamental occupations, you have profited them. When the farmers do not lose the agricultural seasons, you have completed them. Whenyou reduce punishments and fines you give them life. When you impose light taxes, you give to them. When you keep your palaces, mansions, terraces, and pavilions few, you give them pleasure. When the officials are pure neither irritating nor troublesome, you make them happy." "But when the people lose their fundamental occutpations, you harm them. When the farmers lose the agricultural seasons, you defeat them. When they are innocient but you punish them, you kill them. When you impose heavy taxes, you take from them. When you construct numerous palaces, mansions, terraces, and pavilions, thereby wearing ou the people's strength, you make it bitter for them. When the officials are corrupt, irritating, and troublesome, you anger them." "Thus one who excels at administering a state governs the people as parents govern their beloved children or as an older brother acts towards his beloved younger brother. When they see their hunger and cold, they are troubled for them. When they see their labors and suffering, they grieve for them." "Rewards and punishments should be implemented as if being imposed upon yourself. Taxes should be imposed as if taking from yourself. This is the Way to love the people." Source: The Seven Military Classics of Ancient China, by Ralph D. Sawyer 1993, Westview Press |
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dej2 |
Wu tzu (warring states period) | ||
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Wu Chi (called Wu-tzu in later generations). Wu Chi never was never defeated in battle and rarely suffered the ignominy of a stalemate. His most notable achievements as governing and holding the West Ho region, pacifying Yueh (the south China regiion), commanding forces of Lu to gain an overwhelming victory against Chi, leading Wei numerous times to thrash Chins growing power, and stabilizing the government of Chu. Thus his views and methods, to the extent that they may be preserved in Wu-tzu, are not merely theoretical but were founded and thoroughly tested in reality.
As great as Wu Chi was he had his flaws--Wu Chi a native of Wey, loved military operations. He once studied with Tseng-tzu, then went on to serve the ruler of Lu. When the state of Ch'i attacked Lu, Lu's ruler wanted to commission Wu Chi as a general, but since he had taken a women of Ch'i as his wife Wey's advisors were suspicious. Thereupon Wu Chi who wanted to become famous, KILLED his wife to show he had no connection with Ch'i. Lu finally appointed him as a general, and in this capacity he attacked Ch'i destroying there forces. Was this a sign of loyalty or intense ambition. Source: The Seven Military Classics of Ancient China, by Ralph D. Sawyer 1993, Westview Press |
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dej2 |
Re: Wu tzu (warring states period) | ||
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Re: Greatest Chinese Generals
Post by chineseman on Jan 24th, 2004, 09:31am On the All Empires Forum: www.allempires.com/Forums.htm one this thread: Chinese Generals A Japanese wrote a book named one hundred famous chinese general , it is very good. you can read it if you know chinese in the spring-autumn period 1 sun wu 2 wu zi xu 3 fan li 4zhao xiang zi in the war period 5 wu qi 6 sun bin 7 le yi 8 tian dan 9 lian po 10 zhao she 11xin lin jun 12 li mu in the qin dynasty 13bai qi 14 wang jian 15 meng tian in the war between chu and han 16 xiang yu 17zhang liang 18 han xin in the west han period 19 zhou ya fu 20li guang 21wei qing 22huo qu bing 23zhao chong guo 24 zhen jie 25chen tang in the east han period 26deng yu 27feng yi 28ling pen 29 ma yuan 30ban chao 31cao cao 32guan yu 33zhou yu in the three kindons period 34 si ma yi 35 lu xu 36 deng ai Anyway's I'd thought I post this so that the developers could add some historical figures to the Chineses campaign map. |
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JoeyKay |
Re: Wu tzu (warring states period) | ||
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Very interesting list:
The Art of War is availiable on the web at: www.swan.ac.uk/poli/texts...u/arta.htm |
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minglee7 |
Re: Wu tzu (warring states period) | ||
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Thanks, I think we got Lee Mu, Xiang Yan, Xiang Yu and a few others in S&H.
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dej2 |
Han Dynasty History lesson | ||
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Former/Western Han Dynasty (Qian-Han, Xi-Han) (206-8 SD)
Liu Bang (206/02-195 BC), king of Han, succeeded in destroying one by one and finally established the Han Dynasty with its capital at Chang'an (today Xi'an) in 202 BC. Nonetheless, among Liu Bangs companions, many strove to become emperor themselves, like Han Xin (Hann Xin). Bound by unceasing military campaigns against rebels, Liu Bang had to rely on his good ministers and his empress, Lu Zhi (Lü Hou). After Liu Bang's sudden death during a campaign, Empress Lu (187-180 BC) took over the reign for his weak son Huidi (194-188 ) BC and two minor emperors. This ruling woman was blamed later for having usurped the throne of the Liu clan. But contemporary historians state that her reign brought an end to a period of permanent warfare that had stretched down from the beginning of the Warring States period in the 5th century until the begin of the 2nd century BC. The palace intrigues of Empress Lu's reign had no effect upon the peaceful years under her rule that laid the foundation for a prospering, expanding empire. Emperor Han Wendi (179-157 BC) abolished the harsh laws of the Qin time like mutilation and clan responsibility that were still in use, and he lowered taxes. The kingdoms that were in the hands of imperial princes (wang) should become a threat for the central government (154 rebellion of seven kingdoms) and were thus reduced in power and size by Emperor Han Jingdi (156-141 BC) Invasions of the nomadic steppe people Xiongnu under a strong chief called shanyu Modu. Emperor Wudi "the Martial" (140-87 BC) had to exploit his empire by rising taxes and tolls because of the never ending wars with the Inner Asian people. His modernist politics focused on expanding the imperial territory and and power of the empire. Campaigns against the southern tribes (kingdom of Dian in modern Yunnan) lead to the foundation of Chinese colonies in the north of modern Vietnam (commanderies Jiaozhi Jiuzhen and Rinan ;Vietnamese Giao ChiÒ, Curu Chan and Nhaòt Nam). Chinese troops occupied the northern part of Korea (commanderies Xuantu, Bohai, Lelang, Lintun, and Zhenfan, Korean Hyondo, Parhae, Nangnang, Imdun and Chinbŏn; the last two commanderies were only run for a very short time and then again occupied by the Korean tribes Mahan, and Chinhan) and could finally smash the coaliton of the Xiongnu steppe rulers. Chinese military colonies (tuntian were established in modern Xinjiang (Xiyu Duhufu "Protectorate of the Western Territories, the commandery most to the west was Dunhuang) to control a great part of the Silk Road (sichou zhi lu) that was up to then wholly in the hands of Inner Asian kingdoms. To appease the steppe peoples, huge amounts of silk and princesses were given as gifts of inter-state harmony (heqin). Because the rule of Emperor Wudi had exhausted his empire, his successors laid great stress on fiscal austerity. Expansion and wars with Inner Asia were not more in the limelight of daily politics. The outer threat by the steppe people was actually ended when the Xiongnu divided into two rivalizing groups in 43 BC. Succession struggles that had overshadowed the rule of the "Martial" Han Wudi (140-87 BC) Emperor were now followed by intrigues of consorts and their families. The strong statesman of Emperor Zhaodi's (86-74 BC) reign was Huo Guang who could marry his own daughter to the emperor. His mighty family was finally executed during the reign of Emperor Xuandi (73-49 BC). His follower Yuandi (48-33BC) was a weak person that was under the influence of his consorts, the sisters Zhao Feiyan and Zhao Hede. The family that finally could take over the rule was the Wang clan. Great battles during the Han: Ok this is everything I have on Han Chinese military activity B.C.E. 221 Qi falls to Qin; Qin conquest of China completed armaments melted and made into 12 huge statues at Xianyang Qin general Meng Tian defeats Xiongnu under Shanyu Touman in Ordos 221-210 Qin destroy city walls & other fortifications Meng Tian builds Great Wall Meng Tian conquers Ordos, campaigns vs. Rong & Di barbarians 219 Lingqu canal built to aid military campaigns in south 219-210 Qin creates 3 to 4 new commanderies in south 209 Chen Shengs rebellion breaks out in former kingdom of Chu Uprisings in former states Qi, Yan, Han, Wei, Zhao 208 Qin general Zhang Han defeats Chen Sheng near Xianyang Qin armies besiege Julu in Zhao Xiang Yu defeats Qin at Julu & becomes leader of anti-Qin armies 207 Zhang Han surrenders to Xiang Yu Liu Bang takes Xianyang 206 Xiang Yu burns & loots Xianyang & kills entire Qin royal house; Qin falls Liu Bang defeats Xiang Yu's allies & retakes Guanzhong Liu Bang defeated at Xiang Yus capital Pengchang & barely escapes 204 Liu Bang surrounded by Xiang Yu's armies at Xianyang & barely escapes 203 Liu Bang surrounds & defeats Xiang Yu at Kaixia; Xiang Yu killed 202 Liu Bang defeats last of Xiang Yu's armies; rules as Han emperor Gaozu Gaozu moves Han capital to Chang'an for defensive purposes 200 Liu Bang (Gaozu, Gaodi or Cao-Ti) surrounded by Xiongnu at Pingcheng (Pei-Ting) & barely escapes 200 Battle of Pei-Ting northwest China. Cao-Ti was surrounded for several day in the fortress, until he concluded a treaty with Mao-Dun and gave him a daughter in marriage. 198-134 Policy of heqin in place: Han give Xiongnu gifts & princesses in exchange for peace 195 Han forces put down Lu Guan¹s revolt in NE 195-190 Chang'an city wall built 182-181 Xiongnu invade Longxi commandery 181 King of Nanyue invades Han kingdom of Changsha 177 Xiongnu invade through Ordos 174-161 The Hsiung-nu attack the Yüeh-chih (known in the West as the Tocharians), driving them from Gansu. 166 Xiongnu invade Anding commandery & reach summer palace at Yong 160 New system of beacons & lookout stations installed along Xiongnu frontier 158 Xiongnu attack Shang & Yunzheng commanderies in north 156 Han forces defeat rebellious king of Zhao 156-154 Revolt of 7 southern kingdoms vs Han 138-126 Zhang Qian's journey west to seek alliance with Greater Yuezhi against Xiongnu. The first Chinese diplomatic mission to the Ferghana Valley. 135 Tang Meng explores SW to establish Shu-Nanyue trade route 134 Xiongnu Shanyu Junchen narrowly avoids Han ambush at Mayi 129 Han attack on Xiongnu at border markets begins full-scale war 128 Han general Wei Qing defeats Weimo tribes in Korea & establishes commandery of Canghai 127 Wei Qing conquers Ordos New commanderies founded in NW after successful military campaigns 126 Han abandon Canghai commandery in Korea 125 Wei Qing repulses Xiongnu attack in Ordos 122 Han forces defeat rebellious king of Huainan King of Dian prevents Han expedition to India via SW 121 The Chinese, under General Ho Chu-ping, defeat the Xiongnu (Hsiung-nu). Han gain military access to Western Regions for 1st time 119 Wei Qing & Huo Qubing crush Xiongnu & drive north of Gobi 115 Zhang Qian leaves on 2nd expedition 112 Kingdom of Dongyue in SE attacks Han Han government abandons Minyue & Dongyue in SE 109-108 Han forces invade Korea & create 4 commanderies 108 Han forces put down rebellion in Nanyue; 9 new commanderies in south Han armies defeat Cherchen & Turfan in Turfan depression 107 Xiongnu suspend all raids in hopes of gaining marriage alliance with Han 106 Diplomatic ties are established between the Chinese and the Persians. 106 Kingdom of Koguryô forces partial Han withdrawal from Korea 104 Jiuquan & Zhangyi commanderies founded to guard silk route 104 General Li Guangli defeat Xiongu and occupies Uyghuristan. 103 Han government offers tax exemptions to horse breeders to supply military horses 101 Han general Li Guangli takes Ferghana in Western Regions 99 Han general Li Ling defeated & surrenders to Xiongnu Uyghuirstan regains independence. 91 Fighting in Chang'an between Wei and Li families 90 Li Guangli defeated & surrendes to Xiongnu Turfan submits to Han 86 Yizhou commandery in south rebels 83-82 Revolt in Yizhou commandery 82 Partial Han withdrawal from Korea and Hainan island 78 Han general Fan Mengyu makes retaliatory attack vs. Wuhuan people 72-71 Han-led coalition defeats Xiongnu in Western Regions 67 Han reconquers Turfan 59 Gerneral Chang Chi defeats Xiongnu and re occupies Uyghuristan. 52 Xiongnu Shanyu Huhanye surrenders to Han 51 The Hsiung-nu split into two hordes, with the Eastern Horde subject to China 46 Han government abandons Hainan after rebellion 42 Han official Feng Fengshi suppresses rebellion of Qiang in west 36 Han generals defeat combined N. Xiongnu & Sogdiana armies along silk route & kill Shanyu Zhizhi, possibly capture Roman soldiers acting as mercenaries. 28-25 Han put down revolt in Yizhou commandery C.E. 6 Regent Wang Mang's forces crush revolt of a Liu marquis 7 Wang Mang's army puts down Zhai Yi's rebellion 10 Xiongnu retake Uyghuristan 9-10 Wang Mang's forces quash rebellions by Liu family members 12 Wang Mang defeats kingdom of Koguryô in Korea 13 Karashahr in west revolts 14 Wang Mang defeats rebellious aborigines in Yizhou commandery in south 16 Chinese expeditionary force defeats Karashahr 18 Red Eyebrow peasant rebels defeat Wang Mang's troops in Shandong 22 Red Eyebrows defeat Wang Mang's invasion force in Shandong Wang Mang crushes forces of rebel Liu Bosheng 23 Liu Bosheng decisively defeats Wang Mang Han troops under Liu Xiu annihilate Wang 24 Mang's forces at Kunyang Chang'an falls to local rebellion; Wang Mang killed 25 Red Eyebrows take Chang'an Liu Xiu takes Luoyang & makes it Han capital; rules as emperor Guangwu Xiongnu reassert control in Western Regions 26 Warlord Wei Ao defeats Red Eyebrows trying to escape Chang'an 26-30 Guangwu captures Southern plain and Shandong peninsula 27 Red Eyebrows surrender to Guangwu's forces in Chang'an pass 29 Guangwu suppresses uprisings on North China plain Yangzi & Han River valleys submit to Guangwu 34 Guangwu pacifies NW 35 Guangwu's naval forces burn rival Gongsun Shu's bridge over Yangzi Ma Yuan subdues rebellion of Qiang tribes in Longxi 36 Guangwu's army defeats & kills Gongsun Shu at Chengdu Guangwu has new fortifications built along Xiongnu frontier 38 More watchtowers and defense lines along Xiongnu border 40 Trung sisters of Nanyue revolt in Red River delta area, Viet suffering under rule of Han Governor To Dinh. 43 Han general Ma Yuan puts down Trung sisters' revolt in Nanyue 50 Southern Shanyu of Xiongnu becomes vassal of Han 57-75 Han Chinese armies under General Ban Chao conquered all the Xinjiang Oasis. 63 Xiongnu attacks force Han to re-open border markets 73 China joins with southern Shanyu to attack northern Shanyu Han general Dou Gu defeats Xiongnu & drives out of Turfan depression 74 Dou Gu routs Xiongnu & reoccupies Turfan 75 Revolt in Hami 76 Gen. Ban Chao was recalled back to Louyang 77 Chinese garrison in Hami withdraws Northern Xiongnu retake Western Regions 89 Han general Dou Xian & S. Xiongnu rout Xiongnu & retake Hami 92-102 Ban Chao establishes Han control over entire Turfan depression 94 Southern Shanyu rebels 97 Ban Chao crossed the Tian Shan and Pamir mountains with an army of 70,000 men to engage the Xiongnu (Huns) in an all-out battle 97 Chinese armies reach the Caspian Sea 102 Han suppresses major Qiang revolt in west 108 Qiang raids reach central China plain 109 Southern Shanyu rebels 110 Han abandon entire NW frontier to Qiang 111 Qiang raids reach central China plain Han forces pacify Qiang rebellion in Longxi & Jincheng area Liangzhou area revolts to Qiang |
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dej2 |
Re: Han Dynasty History lesson | ||
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Wu-Tzu (Wu-Ch'i) 400 BC
"Marquis Wu (Wei Wuhou, King of Wei) asked: "When our two armies are confronting each other but I do not know their general, if I want to fathom him what methods are there?" Wu Ch'i rplied: "Order some courageous men from the lower ranks to lead some light shock troops to test him. When the enemy reponds they should concentrate on running off instead of trying to gain some objective. Then analize the enemy's adavance, whether their actions are in unison and their organization well preserved; whether when they pursue your retreat the feign unable to catch you, or when they perceive easy gain they pretend not to realize it. A commander like this may be termed a 'wise general.' Do not engage him in battle. If there troops approach yelling and screaming, their flags and pennants in confusion, while some of their units move of their own accord and others stop, some weapons held vertically, others horizontally--if they pursue our retreating troops as if they are afraid they will not reach us, or seeing advantage are afraid of not gaining it, this marks a stupid general. Even if his troops are numerous they can be taken." |
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minglee7 |
Re: Han Dynasty History lesson | ||
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Hi dej2, thanks for your long list of Chinese warfare. It's really a encouragement for us. If time is permitted, I'd like to try to add the campagin to the romance of three kindom period of China. Although with the limited castles we have in China, it can not be too detailed about the stories but it would be interesting to see how we could simulate history into this era. If all the heros at the time could unite together, would the history be changed?
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Striker Lt |
Re: Han Dynasty History lesson | ||
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All i know is i feel like playing dynasty warriors now. It was a great read tho.
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Unregistered(d) |
O_O | ||
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DO IT ^_^ I'm a huge fan of Romance of the Three Kingdoms. I read the novel and played all of KOEI's games. But yeah, a lack of castles in China would make that difficult, there were to many forces involved to just have Cao Cao, Lui Bei and Sun Jian/Sun Ce and maybe Ma Teng and Yuan Shao.
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